Past 50 years and next 50 years of space activity

The past 50 years of cardiovascular surgery.

Cardiovascular surgery has developed so rapidly that it is hard to believe that this specialty is little more than a half-century old. In fact, had it not been for World War II, the emergence of modern cardiac surgery may have been delayed further. In 1943 and 1944, Dwight Harken,1 then a captain in the medical corps, successfully removed foreign bodies from in and around the hearts of .100 sol...

The Next 50 Years of Databases

The first database management system (DBMS) came on-line in 1968. IBM’s IMS was built to keep track of the supplies and parts inventory for the Saturn V and Apollo space exploration projects. It introduced the idea that an application’s code should be separate from the data that it operates on. This allows developers to write applications that only focus on the access and manipulation of data, ...

The next 50 years: A personal view

I review history, starting with Turing’s seminal paper, reaching back ultimately to when our species started to outperform other primates, searching for the questions that will help us develop a computational account of human intelligence. I answer that the right questions are: What’s different between us and the other primates and what’s the same. I answer the what’s different question by sayi...

Forecasting Gulf’s Hypoxia: The Next 50 Years?

This review discusses the use of hypoxia models in synthesizing the knowledge about the causes of Gulf of Mexico hypoxia, predicting the probable consequences of management actions, and building a consensus about the management of hypoxia. It also offers suggestions for future efforts related to simulating and forecasting Gulf hypoxia. The existing hypoxia models for the northern Gulf of Mexico...

50 years of Sterillium®